let's write: BRIEF LOGIC PRIMER AND COMMON LOGIC FALLACIES

Brief Logic Primer:

Logic is a key factor in writing an effective argument. Admission officers are looking for logical organization in your essays.

Here are the main logic notions:

- Claim. An assertion that is ether true or false.
- Argument. A set of claims with a premise(s) and conclusion.
- Conclusion. Main claim of the argument.
- Premise. Claims that support the argument.

Use indicator to identify either conclusion or premise.

Logical Fallacies:

- False dilemmas. Choice between only two possible options.

- Overstated Generalization.
A. Broad statement about a specific group.
B. Superlative (e.g., the most important).
C. Aphoristism (avoid proverbs).

- Appeal to Authority. An argument based on anonymous authority (like based on hearsay).

- Inductive Fallacies. Drawing inference about a population as a whole.

- Hasty Generalization. The sample size is too small to serve as a basis for the conclusion.

- Unrepresentative Sample. Sample that differs in significant ways from the population as a whole.

- False Analogy. Two terms of comparison differ in such a way as to invalidate the inferred commonality.

- Causal Fallacies. Post Hoc, Propter Hoc. The fallacious assumption is that because X came before Y, it caused Y.
X and Y might have independent causes.
X and Y might have the same cause.
X might have been only one of several causes.

- Genuine but insignificant. Putting tooth weight on a real but insignificant cause.

- The fallacy of exclusion. A valid argument must consider all relevant information.

- Slippery Slope. If/then scenario.